Essay --

Cash/Exchange Rate Money Yuan Conversion standard - 1 Chinese Yuan - 0.17 USD On December 1, 1948, the new People’s Bank of China presented Yuan notes in divisions of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000, and later in 1949, the bank presented 200, 500, 5000, and 10,000 Yuan notes. 50,000 Yuan notes were then included 1950. Practices, Regulations, Laws In the twentieth and twenty first hundreds of years, the act of law in China got known to turn into a rich blend of old customary qualities and Western impact. Due to conventional qualities, law in China is vigorously founded on Confucian way of thinking that Chinese culture has gotten so popular for. the framework depends on picking up control through good instruction. Despite the fact that the Chinese culture has seen extraordinary change consistently, the law of the People’s Republic of China is experiencing change, as the country wants to accentuate of the reinforcing of rule of law. Like the United States, the Chinese individuals respect the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. This archive is regularly portrayed to be the â€Å"highest and extreme wellspring of legitimate norms† in China. The estimation of various types of laws is set under the Constitution in a type of progressive system as follows: 1. The Constitution of the People’s Rep ublic of China 2. National laws, gave by the National People’s Congress 3. Regulatory guidelines, gave by the State Council 4. Neighborhood orders, gave by the nearby People’s Congresses 5. Authoritative and neighborhood rule, gave by a regulatory organization or by a nearby People’s Government. Beside elevated level administrative law frameworks, the People’s Republic of China has likewise set up courts for various degrees of open issues under the Organic Law of the People’s C... ...d new. Attractions When at China, there are a wide range of spots that individuals can visit. In any case, the best ten places that they should go are the primary urban communities like Beijing, Xi’an, and Shanghai where they can make their first stop before going on to different attractions. From Beijing, individuals can go to the Tiananmen Square, Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, Ming Tomb, Lama Temple, and even the Beijing Capital Museum. From Xi’an, individuals can visit the Terra-cotta armed force, Banpo Museum, Huaqing Hot Spring, City Wall, and even the Xi’an Great Mosque. From Shanghai, individuals can make a trip to the Shanghai Museum, the Shanghai Jade Buddha Temple, and the Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower. China is an enormous nation with a different sort of attractions. There are a ton of ways guests can experience China and do their touring as there are a great deal of things to tour. Exposition - Cash/Exchange Rate Cash Yuan Swapping scale - 1 Chinese Yuan - 0.17 USD On December 1, 1948, the new People’s Bank of China presented Yuan notes in divisions of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000, and later in 1949, the bank presented 200, 500, 5000, and 10,000 Yuan notes. 50,000 Yuan notes were then included 1950. Practices, Regulations, Laws In the twentieth and twenty first hundreds of years, the act of law in China got known to turn into a rich blend of old customary qualities and Western impact. As a result of customary qualities, law in China is intensely founded on Confucian way of thinking that Chinese culture has gotten so well known for. the framework depends on picking up control through good instruction. In spite of the fact that the Chinese culture has seen extraordinary change consistently, the law of the People’s Republic of China is experiencing change, as the country wants to accentuate of the reinforcing of rule of law. Like the United States, the Chinese individuals respect the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. This report is regularly depicted to be the â€Å"highest and extreme wellspring of lawful norms† in China. The estimation of various types of laws is set under the Constitution in a type of chain of command as follows: 1. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China 2. National laws, gave by the National People’s Congress 3. Authoritative guidelines, gave by the State Council 4. Neighborhood orders, gave by the nearby People’s Congresses 5. Regulatory and neighborhood rule, gave by a managerial office or by a nearby People’s Government. Beside elevated level legislative law frameworks, the People’s Republic of China has likewise set up courts for various degrees of open undertakings under the Organic Law of the People’s C... ...d extremely new. Attractions When at China, there are a wide range of spots that individuals can visit. In any case, the best ten places that they should go are the primary urban communities like Beijing, Xi’an, and Shanghai where they can make their first stop before going on to different attractions. From Beijing, individuals can go to the Tiananmen Square, Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, Ming Tomb, Lama Temple, and even the Beijing Capital Museum. From Xi’an, individuals can visit the Terra-cotta armed force, Banpo Museum, Huaqing Hot Spring, City Wall, and even the Xi’an Great Mosque. From Shanghai, individuals can make a trip to the Shanghai Museum, the Shanghai Jade Buddha Temple, and the Shanghai Oriental Pearl TV Tower. China is an enormous nation with a different kind of attractions. There are a great deal of ways guests can experience China and do their touring as there are a ton of things to tour.

Value Chain for Effective ERP System - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theValue Chain for Effective ERP System. Answer: Presentation For the contemporary business associations, flexibly chain the board is a significant viewpoint to be considered so as to give consistent and viable progression of the items in the market. Xxx is one of the main electronic associations working in Australia. They are having 20,000 square meter of circulation focus from where they gracefully their items to the end clients and wholesalers. Be that as it may, in the ongoing time, they are having a few issues in their dissemination community because of the which, more client grumblings are coming. This report will break down the information being accumulated from their database so as to decide the issues and will suggest arrangements likewise. Distinguishing proof of the issues As far as the objection types, the main three issues being distinguished are the conveyance, wrong amount and wrong item. Main driver examination will be utilized so as to recognize the source of the issues. Starting underlying driver examination to decide the issue with conveyance shows that the structure of the conveyance chain isn't compelling. The items ought to be in a chain procedure which isn't right now occurring in the distribution center. One the other hand, the deliverymen are accepting the items from the opposite side of the bundling division. Along these lines, it is including additional time. Further examination demonstrated that Lack of shipping apparatus in the stockroom is likewise bringing about additional time because of manual transportation of the merchandise. Besides, it is likewise being seen that the staff are not by any means prepared well to work the current hardware in the distribution center. Another issue being distinguished is an inappropriate amount of the merchandise being conveyed to the clients. Examination shows that the outbound offices are not powerful in conveying the merchandise to the client. Further examination shows that there is a genuine slack in coordination between the client agents and the outbound workers. Hence, the specific client prerequisite isn't been viably transmitted to the outbound office. Conveying incorrectly item is another distinguished issue. Main driver investigation of this issue shows that absence of coordination as talked about before is liable for this. Likewise, it is been seen that the distribution center format isn't structured appropriately and because of this, off-base items are being dispatched to the clients. In any case, examination shows that there are no bad things to say being found from the side of the CSR staffs. Proposals and suggestions The prime perspective that ought to be considered in upgrading the adequacy of the activities in the distribution center is to actualize a successful ERP framework (Schniederjans and Yadav 2013). Underlying driver investigation indicated that the current ERP framework being utilized in the stockroom isn't compelling and isn't all around facilitated with all the workers in the activities. The current ERP framework can't ready to transmit the data from inbound to the outbound offices viably. In this manner, executing better than ever ERP framework will assist with improving the coordination in the distribution center (HassabElnaby, Hwang and Vonderembse 2012). Another proposal that is likewise significant in upgrading the viability of the ERP framework is the preparation of the workers in giving the framework. Examination demonstrated that there is an absence of preparing for the workers in dealing with the activity in the distribution center. Along these lines, it is essential to give legitimate preparing to the workers to improve their viability and efficiency. The format of the stockroom ought to likewise be changed and adjusted to expand its viability. The leaving format is including additional time in discharging the merchandise. A perfect distribution center format ought to be in an appropriate grouping (Accorsi, Manzini and Maranesi 2014). It ought to be structured so that, the merchandise will enter from the inbound offices and will experience the different offices in its manner lastly will be discharged through the outbound offices. It will assist with diminishing the time being devoured in the process alongside decreasing the likelihood of mistake in the process because of its successive example. Another territory of progress that ought to likewise be considered is the usage of most recent apparatus in the distribution center (Hamberg and Verriet 2012). This is because of the explanation that absence of apparatus in the distribution center is making loss of time due manual transportation. Therefore, inception of shipping hardware wi ll assist with moving the divine beings in enormous amount at once and in less time. Subsequently, the issue recently conveyance can be unraveled. Information mining of the ERP information being gotten from the association likewise shows that clients have grumbled about accepting harmed products moreover. In this way, inception of the worker preparing in viable treatment of the activity will assist with improving the efficiency of the representatives just as diminishing the pace of blunder in dealing with the tasks (Elnaga and Imran 2013). As good as ever innovation is required for the bundling reason moreover. This is because of the explanation that, couple of clients have grumbled about the nature of the bundling of the merchandise. It additionally causes harming of the merchandise in travel. Consequently, inception of new innovation in bundling will assist with diminishing the pace of harm in travel just as improving the consumer loyalty. End Having investigated the information being gotten from the ERP arrangement of the association, it very well may be reasoned that an all encompassing methodology is required to forestall the current issues in their distribution center. Significant issues being recognized are the conveyance of wrong items in wrong sums and additional time being devoured in conveying the item. These issues are subsequently making disappointment among the clients which is prompting increment in the quantity of client objections. Subsequently, proposals are being given by the issues being distinguished. Compelling usage of the suggestions will assist with improving their adequacy of the tasks in the stockroom alongside raising the degree of the consumer loyalty. Reference Accorsi, R., Manzini, R. what's more, Maranesi, F., 2014. A choice emotionally supportive network for the structure and the board of warehousing frameworks. PCs in Industry, 65(1), pp.175-186. Elnaga, A. what's more, Imran, A., 2013. The impact of preparing on worker execution. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), pp.137-147. Hamberg, R. what's more, Verriet, J., 2012. Robotization in distribution center turn of events. Springer. HassabElnaby, H.R., Hwang, W. what's more, Vonderembse, M.A., 2012. The effect of ERP usage on authoritative abilities and firm execution. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19(4/5), pp.618-633. Schniederjans, D. furthermore, Yadav, S., 2013. Effective ERP execution: an integrative model. Business Process Management Journal, 19(2), pp.364-398.

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors Jeffrey Weinstock, University of Miami

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors: Jeffrey Weinstock, University of Miami by: Andrea Carter on November 13, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 1,075 Views November 13, 2018Jeffrey WeinstockLecturerUniversity of Miami, Miami Business SchoolWithout a doubt, 20 years of experience as a wildly successful international marketing executive puts Miami Business School’s Jeffrey Weinstock among excellent business professors. The former industry maven led Teva Pharmaceutical into the European market, served for five years as Carnival Cruise Lines’ Vice President of International Sales Marketing, and established a Latin market for a $25 million software company. He brings his experience and expertise to Miami Business School students through an array of service activities. He is the founder and faculty advisor of the school’s American Marketing Association chapter, designed two capstone courses for marketing and international finance marketing majors using semester-long s imulations, and extensive career counseling based on 20 years of corporate experience. According to school administrators, many students have reported landing jobs based on knowledge and experience acquired during Weinstock’s simulations and career mentoring. He is a three-time excellence in teaching award recipient.Education: BA, Economics and Political Science, Yale University; MBA,  Marketing, Hebrew University of JerusalemAt current institution since: 2004List of courses you currently teach: Foundations of Marketing, Marketing Management, International Marketing Management, Global Strategic Marketing for MBAs, Executive Education courses in English, Spanish and Portuguese.What professional achievement are you most proud of?  Making the transition from international marketing executive to business school professor after 20 years.   It was a huge change and an enormous leap of faith. I am very proud that I’ve made it work.â€Å"I knew I wanted to be a business school professor when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I realized that I’ve spent my whole life teaching, tutoring, and making presentations in front of groups.   I found my high school yearbook and almost every one of my friends wrote â€Å"Thank you for helping me with Calculus/Spanish/Chemistry/English.†   That’s when the penny dropped and I understood that this is what I’m supposed to be doing.â€Å"One word that describes my first time teaching† HomeWhat is your most memorable moment as a professor? I teach in a prestigious Executive MBA program for mid-career professionals.   When I taught STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) to the first cohort, I explained that this is, in many ways, the core of modern marketing.   I probably said this a few too many times. At the cohort’s graduation ceremony in the 8000-seat Watsco Center on campus, the entire group suddenly stood up, turned to where I was sitting in the stands and started cheering i n unison â€Å"STP! STP! STP!†   I thought â€Å"My work is done here.†Since you first started teaching, how has business education changed? Social media has certainly taken on a much more prominent role, as has interest in the intersection between politics and business.   Students have demonstrated an increased eagerness to acquire practical skills and so my focus on applying the theories and concepts to real life has only increased over time.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I weren’t a business school professor, I would be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Back in the corporate world as a full-time international marketing consultant.â€Å"Here’s what I wish someone would’ve told me about being a professor†: Student handwriting will get worse each year; grading will take you triple the amount of time you plan; and you will have more fun at work than you ever imagined.Name of the professor you most admire and why: I had two life-changing teachers in high school:   Judith B roadwin was a nationally-recognized expert on teaching calculus and one of the official graders of the AP exam.   She made me fall in love with math. Jerome Mirsky was my Spanish teacher and made me even more of a language geek than I already was.   He also showed me that it was altogether possible to find a career in which I could use my languages. They both helped me soar.What do you enjoy most about teaching undergraduate business students? My mother was also an educator.   She often told me about that magic moment when â€Å"the light goes on† in a student’s eyes. It still gives me chills when it happens.What’s the biggest challenge? Multitasking is not even a â€Å"thing† for today’s undergrads.   It’s like air for them. They want constant stimulation and â€Å"quick hits† on many different topics.   I understand and respect that but there’s a lot to be said for focus, too. There is enormous beauty in diving deep into a task or discussion and being completely and utterly engaged.   What is the most impressive thing one of your undergraduate students has done? One of my best students was so assiduous about footnoting her sources that she even used a footnote on an exam – for a direct quote of mine in class.   That was awesome and hilarious. Actually, the most impressive thing many of my students have done is to apply the practical skills gained in my senior capstone course to their post-college jobs.   We use a computer-based simulation where they run a company for a semester and make detailed weekly decisions. Many of them have written me a few months after graduation to say â€Å"Basically, I spend my days at work making the exact same types of decisions I made for the 14 weeks of your course.†   Ã‚  Music to my ears†¦What is the least favorite thing one has done?  Plagiarism, without a doubt.   That and using an ugly ethnic slur.Since you’ve been teac hing, how have students changed over the years? Many more students are completing double or triple majors, which I think is outstanding.   They are also increasingly focused on landing internships early in their undergrad career to build a strong c.v.What does a student need to do to get an A in your class? Really engage with the material.   Think about what it means and how topics interconnect. And participate actively in class discussions.   As my favorite high school teacher once said, â€Å"Learning is not a spectator sport.† You have to roll up your sleeves and get your hands dirty.â€Å"When it comes to grading, I think students would describe me as †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tough but fair. Never any surprises.   If your teaching style/classroom experience had a theme song, what would it be? Did the movie â€Å"The Nutty Professor† have a theme song?   I am known for my very dry sense of humor in class. Sometimes it’s so dry my students can’t tell i f I’m joking or not.   (Hint: I usually am.) I’m also famous for giving tons and tons of examples to illustrate terms and concepts. I can’t think of a better way to ensure that students fully grasp the material.   Finally, I love languages so I always explain the etymologies of complex terms and how they connect to words students already know. Understanding the Latin or Germanic root of a word makes you much less likely to forget it.   Not sure what the theme song would be for that. Maybe â€Å"It’s a Small World After All.†Using just one word, describe your favorite type of student:  PassionateUsing just one word, describe your least favorite type of student:  Apatheticâ€Å"If my students can see the connection between different marketing topics and not compartmentalize, then I’ve done my job as their professor.†Ã‚  Fun fact about yourself: I know the lyrics to almost every 1970’s TV theme song.What are your hobbies ?   I am in an outstanding writing group, I participate in storytelling events (such as the local edition of â€Å"The Moth†), I study Yiddish, am very involved in genealogy and I run.How did you spend your summer? Usually I travel but this summer was devoted to selling my condo and finding a home where I can raise my (soon-to-be-had) dog.Favorite place to vacation: Places where I have friends and family: New York, Israel, Brazil. Also, the Lake Region in Italy where I have no friends or family but it’s too beautiful for words.Favorite book: False Papers by Andrà © Aciman and At Swim, Two Boys by Jamie O’Neill.   Ã‚  I actually wrote the authors fan letters.Favorite movie and/or television show: The 400 Blows by Franà §ois Truffaut and The Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont.Favorite type of music and/or favorite artist: A Brazilian singer name Joyce Moreno and an Israeli singer named Achinoam Nini.   Ã‚  Both evoke the periods in my life when I lived in those countries.Bucket list item #1:   To find the most appropriate way to honor the legacy of my parents, of blessed memory.What’s the biggest challenge facing business education at the moment? Striking the balance between, on the one hand, preserving business as an academic and scientific discipline and, on the other, providing robust pre-professional training.   Both of these elements are critical in business education and cannot exist independently. The challenge is finding the mix that best serves our students, the community and the world.â€Å"If I had my way, the business school of the future would have much more of this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Small classes with ample opportunity to interact with studentsâ€Å"And much less of this† Checking off the boxes to ensure we cover every single topic.Looking ahead 10 years from now, describe what â€Å"success† would be like for you:  Having 50 of my students hold CEO or CMO positions at Fortune 500 corporation s would be outstanding.   A more modest, but no less important, aspiration for me is to continue to have the opportunity to get my students to let down their guard, jump in headfirst and get as excited about Marketing as I am.   If I can see the light truly go on in the eyes of a couple of hundred (or thousand) more students, I’ll know my work has meant something. Page 1 of 11

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future

Project Management and Innovation: Past and Future Nikunj M. Prajapati Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India nmprajapati@spitcp.ac.in ABSTRACT Originally developed a way back, in the mid-20th century, project management has become a distinctive way to manage business activities nowadays. Another important development is almost virtually universal recognition of the role of innovation and technology in the corporate change, growth and profitability. It is unsurprising that development of innovation is often run as a project. Yet, theoretically both project management and innovation studies have evolved over time as distinctively separate disciplines. In this paper we make an attempt†¦show more content†¦The PWE focuses on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most people saw work either as a necessary evil, or as a means to an end. For Protestants, serving God included participating in and working hard at worldly activities as this was part of God’s purpose for each individual. From the perspective of the evolution of modern project management, these ideas were incorporated into two key philosophies, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Liberalism included the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious lifestyle would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism controlled by a ‘universal law’. Applying scientific observations to parts of the whole would allow understanding and insights to occur and eventually a complete understanding. LITERATURE REVIEW In this paper we seek to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines – project management and innovation management (innovation studies). Despite seemingly interrelated nature of both subjects, these two research domains have been developing relatively isolated from each other. Innovation Studies Innovation studies are rooted in the seminal writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e.g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain popularity in the 1960s, as the general interest among policymakers and scholars in technological change, RD and innovation increased. The field formed as a distinctiveShow MoreRelated Use of Project Management Software in Business Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Project Management Software in Business Project Management is using the concepts of information technology in businesses to meet the requirements of a particular project. It depends on the process it needs to take to implement a project. The application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques is needed (http://www.asp.org/infoglossary/p). There are 3 main phases of project management, they are planning, scheduling and controlling. How the process is implemented is through differentRead MoreThe Construction Industry Of India Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world GDP. This industry is such that, it generates a huge amount of employment that amounts to 7% of the total work force around the world. Innovation and continuous development in construction industry of every nation is very necessary for the growth and development of a nation. It creates opportunity for development within the industry. Innovation in a construction industry of every nation can be brought in by following the various international trends (developments in the field of constructionRead MoreHarley Davidson s Strategic Global Marketing1507 Words   |  7 Pagesheavyweight motorcycle market with great success. As a result, the future outlook of Harley-Davidson was not bright and many did not believe that the company would be standing at the end of the 1970’s. Over the course of the years, Harley-Davidson executives have done an excellent job keeping the Harley-Davidson image alive and profitable. However, the future of the company and market are unknown, and the management team must strategize a future plan in order to sustain the market changes. (Peter, 2013)Read MoreDesign Thinking And Project Manag ement866 Words   |  4 PagesDesign Thinking and Project Management Manage product teams which is incorporated usability and design methodologies into the design The business world is rapidly changing where design is changing. Design thinking works is not just visual design. Introduction to the design and project management Design thinking is enormously increasing in the organizations. Most leading organizations like Apple, Coca-Cola, IBM, GE, Nike are helping the project managers to build strong knowledge on design, thinkingRead MoreThe Innovative Process Of Innovation Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Innovative process Important lesson learned from innovative process The innovation process is similar to evolutionary process. It is dynamically a process of improvement and adaptation that gives the organization ability to survive in a business environment and thrive. A good innovation process is proactive and not reactive and can have all or some of five elements; 1. Recognition or identification of a problem or opportunity that can be pursued. This is in terms of human aid provision. 2. InventingRead MoreEssay about Project Planning and Control Methods1441 Words   |  6 PagesProject Planning and Control Methods Project planning and control methods came to be in the 1980s with the introduction of microcomputer software. 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Managers today face a new set of problemsRead MoreThe Role Of Governments Play An Important Role Of Business Innovation1296 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Governments play an important role in business innovation.’ Discuss in relation to two sectors. Introduction It is a common notion that it is primarily the private sector that drives innovation and economic growth, while the government, at best, plays only organization role in ‘fixing market failures’. Under this myth lies a different story, where some of the best advanced economies in the world have been shaped directly by government ¬ led investments. By not being capable to recognize the governmentRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability At The World, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Environmental sustainability is a subject that has seen an exponential rise in its importance and influence since the past few decades. Since 1970, when this topic started gaining wide attention, several organizations and leaderships have been established that promote environmental sustainability. These organizations and leaders have been set up on an international, national and even at a local level. Today, businesses and institutions, whether global or local, have initiatives andRead MoreProject Management And Emotional Intelligence808 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrative Statement Project Management and Emotional Intelligence is a paradigm that when applied to the process of management implies that these milestones are predictable. When in reality, and based on the number of players and phases create an environment that the plan may experience variabilities within the acceleration or deceleration of the designed program of the project charter. The emergence of these variabilities leads to uncertainty of the project and chaotic conditions. Structural

The Definition of Religion Can Be Academically Useful

Many different religious scholars and theorists use some kind of a prehistoric humanity as proof or evidence their works. The primitive is such a central concern for them because of the lack of evidence of prehistoric civilizations. Thus making the prehistoric societies easy models to help prove their beliefs and understandings on religion. In addition to this, another reason as to why prehistoric humanity was so important to religious philosophers was because early theorist did not have the field or study of religion. Early theorists where classified as anthropologists and sociologists in most cases; and thus tended to bring in parts of their study into religion. Anthropologists study prehistoric civilizations, they were very comfortable with that subject, which is why they used it to prove points in their religious models. For example early social anthropologist E.B. Taylor used a concept called â€Å"The savage philosopher† as his form of primitive life. When the savage phi losopher wakes up and he has no idea between being asleep and being awake, he was unaware of what a dream was. However the savage philosopher was quite interested in his environment and the anomalies present in it. However without any form of scientific methods the philosopher could not make sense of the anomalies in his environment. Therefore, the pre-human has to come to a conclusion for the oddity of seeing himself elsewhere and seeing spirits of his dead ancestors. (All occurring in a dream) Thus theShow MoreRelatedCan a Definition of Religion Be Academically Useful? 630 Words   |  3 PagesA definition of Religion is and can be academically useful. It’s the same as with science as it is with religion, the ability to have a definition, creates academic validity for the subject. One has the ability to point to a certain section or a topic of a book and then support themselves with a fundamental definition. Now the problem that arises in religious studies is that the defi nition is not always accurate or consistent. Many different academic scholars and writers have their own beliefs andRead MoreSimilarities In The Opposition. Ideas Do Not Prove Their909 Words   |  4 PagesCraig Martin and anthropologist Clifford Geertz approach analyzing religion with opposing views. Martin dismisses definitions of religion claiming that no definition can encompass the practical use of the word and instead provides a step by step approach to explaining beliefs and actions in the perspective of a methodological atheist. Geertz, however, provides a working definition broken into a five-part model to make it a useful tool. Upon further analysis of these two methods, the once contradictingRead More Ethics and Education Essay925 Words   |  4 Pages as the discipline dealing with what is good and what is bad. Morals are defined, in the same dictionary, as those principles of right and wrong in behavior. For Kozol in The Night Is Dark and I Am Far From Home, ethics an d morals have similar definitions but extend to include a sense of compassion for others. I agree with his argument that the purpose of schooling is to educate an ethical human being: a person who not only lives his life by facts and knowledge but also by ethics and morals. TheRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution Or Intelligent Design1677 Words   |  7 Pagesreproduce. He took twenty- three years to publish his theory because, as someone who studied both Divinity and Biology at Edinburgh, he was aware of the religious implications. (Charles Darwin, BBC)The shockwaves produced by the publication of his theory can still be felt today, leading to conflict with regards towards whether or not evolution should be taught in school. Currently creationism is not taught in public schools in the United States, but many believe it should be, while others are just as adamantRead MoreSummary Of Giri s Curious Concept Of Giri1234 Words   |  5 PagesJapanese social behavior. To analyze giri Benedict’s work serves as a useful starting point. â€Å"The concept of giri is even now accepted as forming an important part of Japanese social relationships and has been a perpetual theme in a variety of arts† (Yoshida). A general definition would be ‘duty’ or ‘obligation’ which arises from social interaction with another individual, that has a specific repayment amount. This definition however fails to reveal a range of significant nuances. Gimu is specificRead MoreShades Of Black : Diversity1545 Words   |  7 Pagesbegin using the politically acceptable term widely applied today to regard black people; that word is known as Negroes. As different historical events occurred, one being the black power revolution on the 1970’s the experience called for a fresh definition of the term negro. Blacks or Africans in America began to be more conscious of their identity and more aware of the differences separating them. This is the experience that Cross (1971) illustrates and is primarily reference d in his five-stage progressRead MoreEdc1400 Assignment 12201 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is Curriculum? For Curriculum it does not matter the religion or the nationality, children are educated into particular modes which can make sense of their experiences and the environment around them, and also into a set of behavioral expectations, skills and knowledge, which the society requires for its future. A curriculum In practice, though is more than this. it is useful to think of it as being much wider. As a working definition of a curriculum I would say that it is the sum of all theRead MorePeace : The Beauty Of Enlightenment2599 Words   |  11 Pages2016 Peace: The Beauty of Enlightenment. The prologue which is the life of learning in general is basically talking about peace and the goals of higher education. This section is arising the question of what is education? Not in the sense of exact definition but how it affects the individual and society. This question has been asked for centuries, and even in modern times the answer is not obvious. Education has many grey areas when it comes to the question of its effects, long and short term. The authorsRead MoreAfrican Lost Generation Essay3468 Words   |  14 PagesHow useful is the idea of a ‘lost  generation’? The phrase and idea of a lost generation in studies of African youth, has been closely associated with the work of Cruise O’Brien. In 1996, O’Brien identified a generation of young people (loosely defined)[1] who, as a consequence of factors including political unrest, violence and economic collapse leading to the breakdown of social structures, were unable to complete a socially constructed transition from youth to adulthood – therefore remainingRead MoreSuccessful Student or a Competent Learner2527 Words   |  10 Pagestextbooks were Argosy and Field and Stream, whatever newspapers hed find on the bus stop - from the Daily Worker to pornography - conversations with uncles or hobos or businessmen hed meet in a coffee shop, The Old Man and the Sea. With hindsight, I can see that Ted was developing into one of those rough-hewn intellectuals whose sources are a mix of the learned and the apocryphal, whose discussions are both assured and sad. These kind of boys were labeled stupid... The problem with the traditional

Artificial vs. Natural in A Seperate Peace Essay Example For Students

Artificial vs. Natural in A Seperate Peace Essay Someone once said that being yourself, being who you are, is a successful rebellion. Gene Forrester, one of the main characters in John Knowless novel, A Separate Peace should have taken this advice. Throughout the novel, Gene acted artificially, disguising his true self. He lived in fear of people finding out what he was really like. Phineas, Genes best friend and the other main character in this novel, on the other hand, acted naturally around people. He was not afraid of people seeing who he really was. In John Knowless novel, A Separate Peace, Gene acted artificially, while Phineas acted naturally. To begin with, Gene Forrester acted artificially. There are several instances throughout the novel where Gene disguises himself or is influenced by artificial things. Towards the beginning of the novel Gene tells the reader that he was a half inch taller than Finny I had been claiming five feet nine inches before he became my roommate Gene Pg. 8 and that Finny weighed ten pounds more than he did. He weighed a hundred and fifty pounds, a galling ten pounds more than I did Gene Pg. 8 Because Gene mentioned those facts, the reader can tell that even having a slight height and weight advantage or disadvantage to Finny were important to him. What people, especially Finny, thought about him worried him. I would have lost face with Phineas, and that would have been unthinkable. Gene Pg. 26 Later in the novel, when Finny wanted to wear a pink shirt to school, Gene told him it would make him look like a fairy. Pink! It makes you look like a fairy! Gene Pg. 17 Gene knew that people might question Finnys masculinity and ridicule him so he spoke up. Gene would have never taken such a risk as wearing a pink shirt because it was not socially acceptable at Devon School. This again points out Genes obsession with what people thought of him. Gene had a cautious, competitive nature and let grades and trying to outdo Finny run his life. When Finny broke the schools swimming record, Gene did not understand why he did not want people to know about it. The worst thing is that there werent any witnesses. Tomorrow. Well get the coach here, and all the official timekeepers, and Ill call up the Devonian and send a reporter and a photographer-Not say anything about it! When you broke the school record! Gene Pg. 36 Gene would have wanted awards and praise for breaking a school record which shows again how highly he values artificial things. Grades also played an important part in Genes life and he measured himself by what his class rank was. He pretended to not care about his studies, but Finny saw right through him. Dont give me that lineYou want to be head of the class, valedictorian, so you can make a speech on Graduation DayI know you. Finny Pg. 43 Later on, Finny convinces Gene to go to the beach with  him. While Finny runs and frolics in the water, having a good time, enjoying nature, Gene only worries about what time it is and whether he will be able to pass his exam. I looked at the sky and the ocean and knew it was around six-thirty. The ride back to Devon would take three hours at least. My important test, trigonometry, was going to be held at ten oclock. Gene Pg. 42 This is just another example of how time, schedules, and grades play an important part in Genes life. While at the beach, Finny tells Gene that he is his best pal. Gene does not reply and tell him that he is his best pal, but instead, keeps quiet. Instead of being completely honest and open with Finny, Gene chooses to mask his true emotions. He knew if someone ever found out about him saying something like that, that it would be the next thing to suicide. Gene Pg. 40 This obsession with grades and other unnatural things leads Gene to believe that there is an intense competition going on between himself and Finny. .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .postImageUrl , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:hover , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:visited , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:active { border:0!important; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:active , .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08 .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub23b3b341584a2a140682ca8147e3a08:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Necklace EssayHe convinces himself that they are even in enmity. Gene Pg. 46 He feels nervous about all the influence Finny has over him and is suspicious about Finny always taking him away from his studies. Finny had deliberately set out to ruin my studiesit was all cold trickery, it was all calculated, it was all enmity. Gene Pg. 45 From that point on, Gene becomes quite the student in an attemptto come out even with Finny. Gene desired to be like Finny so much that on one occasion in the novel, he put Finnys clothes on. I was Phineas, Phineas to the lifeI had no idea why this gave me such relief, standing there is Finnys triumphant shirt, that I would never stumble through the confusions of my own character again. Gene Pg. 54 Gene felt intense relief when he felt like he was Finny. This was because Gene was not satisfied with who he was and wanted to be like Finny so desperately. As one can see, Gene acted artificially throughout the novel, and let grades, people, and fake things influence him. In John Knowless novel A Separate Peace, Finny, unlike Gene, acts naturally. Everything from Finnys appearance to his walk to his personality is natural and spontaneous. Finny was described as an extraordinary athlete, he was not spectacularly builtfive feet eight and a half inchesa hundred and fifty pounds,which flowed from his legs to torso around shoulders to arms and full strong neck in an uninterrupted unity of strength. Gene Pg. 8 From this description, one can tell that Finny is very natural-looking. His walk, which can be described as a continuous flowing balance, so that he had seemed to drift along with no effort at all, relaxation on the move., Gene Pg. 103 was also very natural. Finnys personality was very outgoing, fun, and innocent. He was not affected  by what others thought of him, but rather wondered what people would think of him if he pulled outrageous stunts. When Gene told him that he would look like a fairy if he wore a pink shirt to school, Finny did it anyway. Does it? I wonder what would happen if I looked like a fairy to everyonein case suitors come clamoring at the door, you can tell them Im wearing this as an emblem. Finny Pg 18 He did wear it. No one else in the school could have done so without some risk of having it torn from his back. Gene Pg. 18 He was able to be sincere with people and let them see who he really was. Everything he said was true and sincere; Finny always said what he happened to be thinking, and if this stunned people then he was surprised. Gene Pg. 16 Finny was the best athlete in the school, but what made him so natural is the fact that he did it out of pure enjoyment for the sport and not for the awards and praise that came with it. When he broke the school swimming record, he did not want anyone to find out about it. By the waywe arent going to talk about this. Its just between you and me. Dont say anything about it, toanyone. Finny Pg. 36 He didnt want attention, he just wanted to see is he could break the record. Finny believed that : Everyone always won at sports. When you played a game, you won, in the same way as when you sat down to a meal you ate it. It inevitably and naturally followed. Gene pg. 27 Finny never permitted himself to realize that when you won, they lost. That would have destroyed the perfect beauty which was sport. Nothing bad ever happened in sports; they were the absolute good. Gene Pg. 27 Finnys attitude towards sports is similar to his personality as a whole. He was innocent and never caused anyone harm purposely and believed everyone was the same way. When he told Gene that he wanted to participate in the war, Gene replied by saying: Youd be sitting at one of their command posts, teaching them English. .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .postImageUrl , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:hover , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:visited , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:active { border:0!important; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:active , .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121 .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4adee55e10f44d9bf3dc127aa8ca121:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Sex Education EssayYes, youd get confused and borrow one of their uniforms, and youd lend them one of yoursYoud get things so scrambled up nobody would know how to fight any more. Youd make a mess, a terrible mess, Finny, out of the war. Gene Pg. 182 Gene knew what kind of person Finny was and knew that he was not cut out for the war. Being the natural person that he was, he enjoyed nature and ran around and frolicked while at the beach with Gene. This kind of sunshine and ocean, with the accumulating roar of surf and the salt, adventurous, flirting wind from the sea, always intoxicated Phineas. He was everywhere. He enjoyed himself hugely, he laughed out loud at passing sea gulls. And  he did everything he could think of for me. Gene Pg. 39 He had honest. open relationships with people, and unlike Gene, was not afraid of what people thought of him. He told Gene he was his best pal, knowing that exposing a sincere emotion nakedly like that at Devon School was the next thing to suicide Gene Pg. 40. He had tremendous loyalty to the class, as he did to any group he belonged to, beginning with him and me and radiating outward towards spirits and clouds and stars. Gene Pg. 34 He created Blitzball, a game which brought his own athletic gifts to their highest pitch. Gene Pg. 31 He had a desire to do good mixed in with a disregard for the rules. He could talk himself out of any situation and was described by Gene as being able to shine. After realizing that he had been wrong about the competition between himself and Finny, Gene came to the conclusion that Only Phineas was never afraid, only Phineas never hated anyoneall of them, except Phineas, constructed at infinite cost to themselves these Maginot Lines against the enemy Gene Pg. 196 In John Knowless novel, A Separate Peace, vFinny acts naturally, while Gene acts artificially. Gene disguises himself and is constantly worried about peoples opinions of him. His obsession with grades and outdoing Finny causes him to believe that they are in competition. Finny, on the other hand, is spontaneous, innocent, and natural. He does not worry about praise or awards, but instead plays sports for pure enjoyment, and has honest, open relationships with people. Both Finny and Gene are very alike physically, but emotionally and mentally, they are as different as two people can be.

Role of Planning in Project Management

Introduction Projects involve temporary endeavours that are undertaken with the objective of attaining predetermined goals. Moreover, projects are adopted in an effort to address various organisational activities that might be difficult to achieve through the normal organisational operations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Planning in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Soderlund (2004) argues that the decision to adopt projects is prompted by a number of factors, which include customers request, change in market demand, legal requirements, and technological changes. The intensity of competition and the high rate of globalisation have prompted organisations to focus on achieving competitive advantage. Subsequently, different management practices have been formulated in an effort to drive the attainment of long-term organisational goals. Soderlund (2004) confirms that projects are being utilised as an avenue of attaining the goals and objectives as stipulated by an organisation’s strategic plans. However, the effectiveness of projects in enhancing attainment of goals can only be achieved if the project goals are aligned with the formulated strategic plan. Srivannaboon (2006) asserts that project management â€Å"is a specialised form of management that is used to accomplish business goals, strategies, and tasks within a well-defined schedule and budget† (p.1). A significant gap exists between project management goals and an organisation’s strategic intent. Therefore, in a bid to bridge the gap between an organisation’s project management goals and the strategic intents, it is imperative for the management team to integrate strategic project management concepts (Srivannaboon, 2006). Soderlund (2004) defines strategic project management as the various processes, tools, behaviours, practices, and procedures that are adopted in order to establish valuable connection between an organisation’s business practices and project management practices. Subsequently, strategic project management increases the likelihood of achieving the overall organisational strategic objectives.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most projects are complex, for they involve the execution of diverse tasks. Therefore, it is vital for an organisation to implement effective strategies to manage such complexities. Some of the aspects that project managers should consider include improving control and coordination of project activities. This research paper evaluates the various strategic aspects that an organisation should employ in the process of applying project management in its operations. Project management and its linkage to strategic management Most managers recognise that projects improve an organisation’s a bility to implement change. Additionally, the rapid change within the contemporary business environment is stimulating the need for organisations to implement radical organisational changes. Consequently, most organisations are adopting project-based approach in an effort to attain the desired level of growth. However, the outcome of the project is influenced by how well the projects have been implemented (Srivannaboon, 2006). Strategic management is an essential element in ensuring that projects are aligned effectively with business strategy. At the strategic level, the alignment process is comprised of two main elements, which include the strategic planning and project portfolio management (Srivannaboon, 2006). Project portfolio management entails the process of selecting and managing different projects as a group. It is expected that the significance of project portfolio management will grow into the future. Therefore, organisations will be compelled to maximise their resource ut ilisation. Moreover, projects will be selected based on their alignment with the organisational goals. Srivannaboon (2006) argues that projects â€Å"are first selected into the project portfolio to support the implementation of the business strategy† (p. 5). Conversely, organisations must ensure that the projects align optimally with the business strategy during the implementation phase. Figure 1 below illustrates how business strategy is linked with project management elements.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Planning in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: Theoretical framework for aligning business strategy and project management. Source: (Srivannaboon, 2006) Figure 1 above shows that business strategy is critical in promoting focus and determining content in project management. Project management is extensive and it is comprised of a number of key areas, whi ch include project management office, portfolio management, and program management. Srivannaboon (2006) is of the view that establishing and maintaining â€Å"the process used to align project management elements and business strategy requires organisations to use the mediating process, which is comprised of strategic planning and project portfolio management† (p. 6). Soderlund (2004) emphasises that project management is based on a hierarchy of sub-projects, project, program, portfolio, and strategic plan. A program is composed of different related tasks that are coordinated in order to achieve the project goal. Conversely, portfolio entails a set of programs that are grouped together in order to ensure that they are effectively coordinated, hence increasing the likelihood of achieving the strategic objectives. The respective projects in the portfolio may be related or interdependent. Soderlund (2004) emphasises that organisations manage their project portfolio based on the formulated goals. In most cases, portfolio management in organisations is mainly reserved for senior management teams.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the quest to improve project outcomes, the overall projects are subdivided into small manageable components [subprojects]. The sub-projects may be assigned to different functional units or external enterprises. Also, to the above project management elements, it is imperative for organisations to establish a functional Project Management Office, which entails an organisational unit charged with the responsibility of centralising and coordinating the management of various projects. Therefore, the Project Management Offices [PMOs] undertake different strategic tasks, which include planning, prioritisation, coordination, and execution of various project activities that are linked with the overall business objective. Additionally, the PMOs may also make crucial decisions relating to project human resource management, such as deployment of project personnel to specific project tasks. Strategic consideration; Planning Projects are complex undertakings, and hence the risk of failure is h igh. The degree of complexity varies from one project to another (Soderlund 2004). Subsequently, the implementation process varies across different projects. Projects will become smaller going into future as organisations increasingly invest in short-term projects as opposed to long-term projects. However, the level of complexity will increase substantially. In order to deal with project complexities, organisational leaders will be required to invest in effective project management skills in order to improve the likelihood of the project teams attaining the desired goals. Whilst projects are complex, PMOs are obliged to ensure that the respective projects are implemented successfully. This goal can only be achieved if PMOs integrate a number of strategic considerations. One of aspects that project managers should focus on entails establishing a strategic fit within the project, which ensures that the project is aligned with the organisations’ business strategy (Srivannaboon 2 006). One of the strategic considerations that organisations should take into account relates to planning. Soderlund (2004) posits, â€Å"Planning has been viewed as the main task of the project management unit† (p. 188). Moreover, Soderlund (2004) suggests that planning should not be considered as a simple task as it involves a myriad of activities. It is expected that strategic planning will become one of the most important project management elements in organisations’ efforts to deal with strategic change. Within the project context, project managers should ensure that planning is implemented effectively in the various project processes such as communication, managing risk, human resource, and project quality. An analysis of the various aspects that project managers should consider with respect to the above areas is illustrated below. Communication planning Effective communication is a fundamental element in successful project implementation. Despite the significanc e of projects in enhancing organisational performance, it is challenging to achieve desired project goals if the project stakeholders are not informed adequately about the project. Subsequently, PMOs should communicate regarding the project to sponsors, customers, and project team members, amongst other stakeholders. In a bid to be effective in their communication process, PMOs should undertake comprehensive communication planning by taking into consideration a number of issues. First, the PMOs should undertake a comprehensive communication requirement analysis by assessing the information needs of the respective project stakeholders. Secondly, the mechanisms to be used in sharing information among the stakeholders should be defined. The communication methodology selected is determined by the urgency of project information, the project environment, and length of project. Lack of knowledge hinders the extent to which project team members are focused and enthusiastic in executing the project tasks. In a bid to improve the execution of project tasks, project leaders should establish effective communication system throughout the course of the project timeframe. During the initial phase, it is imperative for the project manager to explain the project goal and the value that it is expected to deliver to the organisation. This goal can be achieved by establishing a clear link between the project and the organisation’s operational and strategic goals. For example, the project manager should explain how the project would contribute to the improvement in the firm’s market share, profit margins, and cost minimisation (Srivannaboon, 2006). Project managers should consider how information would be distributed to the respective project stakeholders. Therefore, project managers should ensure that the project team members are provided with necessary information as demanded. This goal can only be achieved if project information cascades the various levels of mana gement. Effective flow of information across the various project management levels increases the extent to which the project stakeholders understand how the various project tasks are aligned with the overall organisational strategy (Srivannaboon, 2006). Thus, it is essential for project managers to ensure that practical information distribution techniques are adopted. Some of the methods that can be adopted include hosting project meetings, conferencing tools, and other electronic tools like Web interfaces. Performance reporting is another core aspect that PMOs should ensure during the project implementation process. In a bid to achieve this goal, PMOs should gather sufficient project baseline data and distribute it to the stakeholders. Performance reporting should focus on different aspects, such as the utilisation of the various project resources. Additionally, the reports should outline the extent to which the milestones achieved have adhered to the set standards with reference t o project cost, quality, and project schedule. Considering the view that projects are exposed to different risks, it is vital for PMOs to communication on the various project risks faced coupled with how they can be avoided. Human resource planning In order to ensure that projects are executed effectively, it is imperative for organisational leaders to constitute a comprehensive project team. Soderlund (2004) asserts that projects constitute fundamental elements through which organisations can promote development of future leaders especially if the projects being implemented have strategic implications. Subsequently, human resource planning constitutes one of the core strategic considerations in project management. The decision on the size of the project team depends on the available project roles and responsibilities. In order to be successful in planning the human resource component in projects, project managers should consider four main aspects, which include Selection of projec t team Development of project team Management of project team During the human resource-planning phase, project managers should clearly define the project roles and reporting relationships. Additionally, this phase should also involve the establishment of a staffing plan. The project manager may decide to allocate the identified project roles to internal stakeholders or subcontract external stakeholders. Conversely, the staffing plan outlines the criteria to be adopted in selecting the project team members and the training needs. In a bid to succeed in human resource planning, project managers should incorporate a number of aspects. First, the project managers should determine departments from which the project team members will be selected. Also, to determine the most effective organisational units to be involved in the project, organisations should assess the necessary specialities and disciplines. Moreover, the project manager should examine the logistics amongst the various pro ject teams, for example, assessing the distance between the project teams. Human resource planning also involves a clear description of the project positions by adopting an organisation chart. Some of the organisation charts that the manager might adopt include hierarchical or the matrix structure. Therefore, investing in human resource planning plays an essential role in developing a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities, adoption of organisation chart, and formulating a staff acquisition plan. Acquisition of project team Considering the complexity associated with project implementation, it is crucial for organisational leaders to ensure that the selected team members are capable of handling the complexities. In a bid to eliminate possible skills deficiency within the project team, organisations should consider sourcing project team members from the internal and the external environments. Skills outsourcing will play a fundamental role in improving the project teamsâ⠂¬â„¢ competencies. During the process of constituting the project team, it is essential for organisations to assess the degree to which potential project team members are interested in executing the various project tasks. Success in constituting a project team can be achieved by adopting effective tools and techniques. One of these tools involves pre-assignment, which entails assigning project tasks to potential candidates (Soderlund, 2004). This technique is effective if the project being implemented requires a specific level of expertise. Alternatively, organisations can also adopt virtual teams if the project task being implemented does not require the team members to be physically involved. If an organisation adopts virtual teams, an effective communication plan must be developed to enhance data and information sharing. Developing project team After successful acquisition of the project team members, organisational leaders should formulate a plan to be adopted in order to enhan ce collaboration amongst the team members. This goal can be achieved by nurturing cohesiveness and trust amongst the project team members. Fostering these elements will nurture an optimal project environment whereby the team members assist each other in undertaking the project tasks. The plan should also outline how the organisation intends to improve the team members’ skills to enhance their competency in executing the project tasks. One of the techniques that organisations should consider in their quest to develop the selected project team includes training. The training process may involve on-the-job approach through mentoring and coaching. Conversely, off-the-job approaches can also be adopted by adopting computerised or online training sessions. Alternatively, organisations may also decide to foster team development through various team-building activities. According to Soderlund (2004), organisations should consider incorporating rewards and recognition as one of their team development strategies. Thus, organisations should recognise positive behaviour portrayed by the project team members. Recognition of positive behaviour will significantly motivate the project team members, hence increasing their commitment towards the respective responsibilities. Managing project team This aspect involves the process of tracking and evaluating team performance. Moreover, team management also entails establishing an effective feedback mechanism and resolving issues that might emerge during the project implementation phase. In a bid to be effective in managing project team, it is critical for organisational leaders to evaluate the behaviours of the project team members continuously. If the organisation has adopted the matrix organisation structure, it becomes difficult to manage the project team. The difficulty arises from the dual reporting relationship because the team members report to two parties, viz. the project manager and the functional manager. Thus, it is imperative for organisational leaders to manage the dual reporting relationship effectively. Quality planning Projects are designed in an effort to achieve a specific goal or objective. Additionally, the outcome of the project affects different organisational stakeholders such as the shareholders, customers, and employees. Srivannaboon (2006) corroborates that the â€Å"essence of project management is to support the execution of organisations’ competitive strategy to deliver a desired outcome† (p. 2). Thus, organisational leaders have a duty to assure the project stakeholders of optimal project outcome. In a bid to achieve this goal, organisations should consider investing in effective project quality planning. Thus, a number of aspects should be considered in quality planning process. First, project managers should develop a quality policy outlining the quality standards, regulations, and guidelines to be used in gauging the project outcome. Additionally, the pro ject managers should ensure that the project team members understand the quality policy and outline how the stipulated quality standards will be satisfied. The second phase involves performing quality assurance by assessing whether the project complies with the stipulated requirements. The quality planning process also involves defining how the quality gaps identified will be improved. Consequently, the project manager should formulate the steps that will be undertaken in order to determine the need for quality improvement. This goal can be attained by implementing various continuous improvement models, such as the PDCA cycle [Plan-Do-Check- Act]. Other quality management models that can be integrated in planning project quality include total quality management and six-sigma. Quality planning in project management should enable organisations to increase the level of satisfaction amongst the target stakeholders. In addition to the above quality management tools, organisational leader s should focus on incorporating various quality planning tools. Some of the strategic planning techniques that should be considered include cost-benefit analysis, cost of quality, and benchmarking. Benchmarking will enable the project manager to assess the costs and benefits of effective project implementation. For example, conducting a cost-benefit analysis will enable the project manager to understand the value of meeting the set quality standards by eliminating possibilities of re-work. Additionally, cost-benefit analysis will enable the organisations to determine the stakeholders’ level of satisfaction (Srivannaboon, 2006). Planning for risk Risks involve unfavourable outcomes and it is impossible to rule out their occurrence. As one of the organisational processes, projects are characterised by unique features and they are not free from risk. However, the nature of risk differs across projects. Some of the common sources of risks in projects relate to the project budget, time management, and assumptions made (Soderlund, 2004). Project risks may also arise from the project’s technical, commercial, or relational elements. In order to minimise the adverse effects associated with risks, project managers should invest in effective risk planning. One of the aspects that project managers should consider when planning for risk entails conducting a comprehensive risk analysis. The risk management plan should clearly outline the approaches and data sources to be adopted in managing potential risks. Risk planning should also clearly outline the risk management personnel, their roles, and responsibilities. The other elements that project managers should consider in the risk planning phase entails budgeting and timing. Risk budgeting involves estimating the cost to be incurred in managing risks. Conversely, timing entails planning the frequency within which risk should be assessed during the project’s life cycle. Conclusion Changes occurring the i n the contemporary business environment are motivating organisations to adopt project-based approach in an effort to align their operations with the business environment. Moreover, most organisations have realised the significance of project-approach in achieving their strategic goals. Despite these changes, projects are characterised by a high degree of complexity and hence they require effective management. One of the sources of project complexity is that they involve different tasks, which must be effectively coordinated in order to achieve the desired outcome. Additionally, most projects consume a substantial amount of resources. Consequently, project failure can significantly affect an organisation’s competitiveness. In their quest to adopt project as a method of achieving the desired goals, it is critical for organisations to ensure that the likelihood of project failure is eliminated. This goal can be achieved by integrating project planning as one of the strategic con siderations in their project management processes. The strategic planning process in project management should focus on a number of critical areas. Some of core planning areas include communication, human resource, risk planning, and project quality. Organisations should ensure that an effective communication plan is adopted. The communication plan should focus on ensuring that all the project stakeholders are adequately informed about the various project aspects together with how it will benefit the organisation and the project stakeholders. Effective communication planning can only be achieved if the â€Å"project manager understands the communication needs of the internal and external project stakeholders† (Soderlund, 2004, p. 187). Human resource planning is essential in developing a project team that will execute the various project tasks. This aspect increases the likelihood of successful project completion. Conversely, risk planning is essential in ensuring that the pr oject is not affected adversely by unforeseen occurrences, while quality planning ensures that the project outcome satisfies the target stakeholders. From the analysis conducted, strategic planning should be conducted throughout the project life cycle. Furthermore, the necessary adjustments should be implemented in the project plan. References Soderlund, J. (2004). Building of project management: past research, questions for the future. International Journal of Project Management, 22(2), 183-191. Srivannaboon, S. (2006). Linking project management with business strategy.  Project Management Journal, 37(6), 88-96. This research paper on Role of Planning in Project Management was written and submitted by user Parker Holder to help you with your own studies. 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