Country and Rap Music Essay Example for Free

Country and Rap Music Essay The types of music that people listen to are very diverse. Country and rap music are just two of these types of music and the composition of audience that listen to these types greatly vary. The primary reason is that country music is commonly identified with white people who live in the countryside while rap music is commonly associated with black people living in urban cities. For the most part, rap music is relatively a new type of music as compared to country music which, as a result, makes it more appealing to the younger generation. The older generation, on the other hand, are more inclined to listen to the type of music that grew up with, especially country music. One of the unique features of rap music is the way in which the lyrics are vocalized. The sound of rap music usually involves the rhythmic speaking of rhyming lyrics dubbed with the so-called â€Å"beats†. The beats are usually created separately through the use of percussions and other synthesizers. On the other hand, country music usually involves distinct guitar picking patterns with a slightly â€Å"blues† feel. More often than not, country songs involve the use of acoustic guitars although there are instances when the electric guitars are also used in certain parts of the song. The way in which the lyrics are sung is melodic, aptly cohering with the chord pattern of the song. Most country songs are easy to listen to since country music is less of the aggressive type, so to speak. These songs usually tell the story of the country life where the days are reminiscent of the outdoor life close to nature. There are also times when country songs express the love affairs of individuals. But unlike other forms of music, country music is â€Å"a more gentle approach to putting emotions† into music, in a manner of speaking (Lewis, p. 44). Rap music, on the other hand, usually expresses the experiences of an individual in the suburban or urban areas. Most of rap songs commonly involve the narration of how a young black American has to survive and rise to meet the challenges of surviving in a cruel society. These songs also have become stereotyped as the music of young people with a rebellious attitude who are part of violent gangsters in local neighborhoods. Thus, it is not hard to identify rap music as an aggressive type of music. Because of the wide generation gap between the time when either one of the two gain much prominence, there is likewise a great deal of difference between rap and country music in terms of its audience or followers. Rap music, being a relatively new type of music emerging and gaining prominence only in the later part of the 80s—with the exception of the theory that the origins of rap being traced as far back as the time when African-American slaves were chanting rhymes while doing work—the composition of its audience can also be said as younger (Sullivan, p. 613). On the other hand, country music has been around long before the birth of rap music. That being said, a large part of the those who listen to country music belong to the older generation although, of course, it can also be said that there are also young people who listen to country music. Not surprisingly, a portion of those who listen to country music may likewise be composed of those who live in the countryside since they can easily relate to the messages behind each country song. The same can also be said about rap music; those who live in more urban areas have the tendency to lend their ears to rap songs as they can easily relate to the message of most rap songs. For example, the rap songs of the artist â€Å"50 cent† may appeal more to younger people who reside in cities and other urban areas whereas the country songs of Johnny Cash may appeal more to older people who live in the countryside. However, these comparisons do not necessarily mean that there are no countryside people who listen to the rap songs of 50 cent or that there are no urban people who listen to the country songs of Johnny Cash. The point is that it is more likely for urban people to easily associate themselves with the songs of rap artists whereas it is more likely for countryside people to easily relate themselves to the songs of country artists. Rapping can also be done without the accompaniment of any musical instrument. It can even be done in simple impromptu gatherings in common places such as in local streets in the neighborhood. As for country music singing, it is difficult to say if a song is sung in a country music style without the accompaniment of musical instruments such as guitars. At the least, a singer would have to need a guitar in order to sing a country song or to make the song sound â€Å"country† in a recognizable way. In more recent times, rap music has been gaining a steady stream of following from the public with the increasing prominence of several rap artists. Country music, on the other hand, has been kept alive by several younger artists although the likes of Johnny Cash and his generation of country musicians have kept a steady support from the public listeners through the years. If there is one similarity between the two distinct musical genres, it has to be the fact that both country and rap have become cultures on their own. Rap music has become a culture tat has been embraced by individuals which, as a matter of fact, has even resulted to certain divisions among its musicians—the so-called East and West sides. Likewise, country music has created its own sense of culture manifested in the rural areas. Works Cited Lewis, George H. â€Å"The Creation of Popular Music: A Comparison of the ‘Art Worlds’ Of American Country Music and British Punk. † International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 19. 1 (1988): 35-51. Sullivan, Rachel E. â€Å"Rap and Race: Its Got a Nice Beat, but What about the Message? † Journal of Black Studies 33. 5 (2003): 605-22.

Supply and Demand of the Rubber market

Supply and Demand of the Rubber market 2.0 Introduction Natural rubber product such as raw rubber and hevea wood products are kinds of world bulk industrial raw material; they are scare, deficient and strategic resource important for national defense and industrial construction. Due to the shortage of rubber supply and climate changes in the rubber-producing countries, supply resource of natural rubber has been decreasing annually and it makes global market suffering from significantly high price of the rubber (Hanim Adnan 2011). The insufficient supply of the natural rubber has bought various issues to the rubber market and it has brought contribution to the economics of Malaysia. Therefore, relevant economic theories will be used to discuss in the natural rubber issues. This report will examine in the concepts of demand, supply, shortages, market equilibrium, and elasticity. Besides, well labeled diagrams will be including in the later paragraph to explain the whole concepts. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Demand The effects of shift in demand on rubber market Figure 1.1 D0 D1 S0 P1 P0 Q0 Q1 Quantity Price Demand can be defined as An economic measure, which shows an unlimited desire, as well as the ability to buy for a products or services (Demand 2011). According to the executive officer of glove manufacturer Careplus Group Bhd Lim Kwee Shyan, demand surged because of making medical rubber gloves due to growing hygiene awareness following the H1N1 pandemic. Therefore, it has become an essential product for the healthcare industry (Kian Seong 2010). Besides, there is a strong demand for tyres from China and India of the automobile sector (Prices to Stay High on Ongoing Tight supply 2011). Hence, ceteris paribus, there is a high demand to the natural rubber especially when the increase of population and the healthcare awareness has elevated. From Figure 1.1, it shows the effects of shift in demand on rubber market. Furthermore, the number of buyer is a non-price determinant, when the buyers increase the quantity of a product they want to buy at a given price; it makes the market demand curve shift to rightward from D0 to D1 in the Figure 1.1. Therefore, new equilibrium price and the quantity demand increase from P0 to P1 and Q0 to Q1, respectively. 3.2 Supply Supply can be described as The total amount of a product or service available for the customer to purchase at a given price (Supply 2011). Figure 1.2 D0 S0 S1 The effects of shift in supply on Rubber market Quantity Price P1 P0 Q1 Q0 The extreme and changeable weather of Malaysia and the issues of global warming will affect latex flow and reduce the supply of the rubber. For example the higher temperature in the morning and unpredictable natural disaster which are detrimental to the rubber trees (Admin 2011). Malaysia now was facing the shortage of rubber clones due to the changeable weather and over-tapping the rubber trees which raise the problem of supply shortage (Jack 2011). Expectation of producers is a non-price factor so it shifts the supply curve to the leftward from S0 to S1. However, the quantity of rubber supplied decrease from Q0 to Q1 because of weather problem and unable to produce at given output, resulting in increase price of rubber from P0 to P1 shown in Figure 1.2. 3.3 Shortage Figure 2.1 Shortage Q Q1 Q Quantity The Effects of shift in demand on rubber market Price Pn P0 E D1 S0 D0 Figure 2.1 Shortage Q Q1 Q Quantity Price Pn P0 E D1 S0 D0 The Effects of shift in demand on rubber market There is excess demand and the supply for the natural rubber is limited, it brings the resulting of shortage which has consequently led to price increase in the Malaysia since 2008 (World rubber supply tight, but price outlook bullish 2010). From Figure 2.1, at P0, as demand shifts from D0 to D1, it shows the demand has increase and the equilibrium price has move from P0 to Pn shows that the quantity of supply also increase. However, in the Figure 2.2, the supply shifts from S0 to S1, which means decrease in supply and the equilibrium price has increase from P0 to Pn and decrease in quantity demanded. As a conclusion, through Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2, both of them showed a shortage which is the shaded region where the quantity demanded (Q1) exceeds quantity supplied (Q0). Besides, an upward pressure fall on the price of rubber due to the shortage and when the price is at Pn resulting a new equilibrium, point E and the quantity demanded is at Q1, as shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2. 3.4 Market Equilibrium Changes in Equilibrium Equilibrium described as in a market occurs when the price balances the plans of buyers and sellers (Hubbard, 2009). Bernama stated that the prices of natural rubber will continuously rise in this year but the output of the natural rubber in February has drop if compare to January whereas the demand increase in world markets (February Rubber Output down 15.8 Per Cent 2011). Figure 3.1 S1 S D D1 P1 P0 Q Quantity Price Supply Demand for Rubber market In the change in equilibrium, there is increase in Demand and decrease in supply. There Therefore, the demand curve shift rightward from D to D1 and supply curve shift leftward from S to S1, as shown in Figure 3.1. The new equilibrium price increase and move from P0 to P1. But there is no change in Quantity. The equilibrium price rise up but quantity is indeterminate. 3.5 Subsidy Smallholders can 5.0 Reference Lists Adnan, Hanim. 2011. Right time for renewed interest in rubber sector. The Star.http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/4/5/business/8412507sec=busi ness (Accessed April 1, 2011). Demand. 2011. Investor Glossary. http://www.investorglossary.com/demand.htm (Accessed April 1). .Kian Seong, Lee. 2011.Careplus gains 4 sen premium on ACE Market debut. The Star. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?sec=businessfile=/2010/12/7/business/756724 2 (Accessed April 2, 2011). Supply. 2011. Business Dictionary.com. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supply.html (Accessed April 2, 2011). Admin. 2011. Global warming threat to natural rubber. Srilankan rubber Industry. http://slrubberindustry.com/2011/01/19/global-warming-threat-to-natural-rubber/ (Accessed April 2, 2011) Jack Wong. 2011. Rubber board unveils planting scheme. The Star. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/3/29/business/8364614sec=business (Accessed April 2). World rubber supply tight, but price outlook bullish. 2010. Bloomberg. http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/global-outlook-for-rubber-supplies-are-bullish-2010- 02-12 (Accessed April 3, 2011). February Rubber Output Down 15.8 Per Cent. 2011. Bernama. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsbusiness.php?id=578466 (Accessed April 12, 2011)

Waterfall Model Lifecycle Model Information Technology Essay

Waterfall Model Lifecycle Model Information Technology Essay Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In The Waterfall approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when define set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name Waterfall Model. All the method and process undertaken in Waterfall Model are more visible. Waterfall Model lifecycle modelE:PROGECTpicture]water fall model.JPG Figure 1. : Waterfall Model lifecycle model The stages of The Waterfall Model are Problem definition In this section, you give a short, general description of the system To be analyzed. This should contain a very short description of the Organization or the company for which the analysis is to be done as Well the reasons and advantages why the computerization is needed. The environment of the analysis being done is to come out clearly in This section Requirement Analysis All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. System Design Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model. Testing As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer Implementation On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications. Maintenance This phase of The Waterfall Model is practically never ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solve hence this process is referred as Maintenance. Advantages of the waterfall model The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps. Needless to mention, it is a linear model and of lessons, linear models are the most simple to be implemented. The amount of resources required to implement this model is very minimal. One great advantage of the waterfall model is that documentation is produced at every step of the waterfall model development. This makes the understanding of the product designing procedure simpler. After every major stage of software coding, testing is done to test the correct running of the code. Prototyping Throw-away prototyping Throwaway or Rapid Prototyping refers to the creation of a model that will eventually be discarded rather than becoming part of the finally delivered software. After preliminary requirements gathering is accomplished, a simple working model of the system is constructed to visually show the users what their requirements may look like when they are implemented into a finished system. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop1.JPG Figure 1.1: throw away proto typing Incremental Prototyping The final product is built as separate prototypes. At the end the separate prototypes are being merged in an overall design. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop3.JPG Figure 1.2: Incremental Prototyping Evolutionary Prototyping Evolutionary Prototyping (also known as breadboard prototyping) is quite different from Throwaway Prototyping. The main goal when using Evolutionary Prototyping is to build a very robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refine it. The reason for this is that the Evolutionary prototype, when built, forms the heart of the new system, and the improvements and further requirements will be builtC:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop2.JPG Figure 1.3: Evolutionary Prototyping Advantages of prototyping Proto types make an ideal tool for defending discussing user interaction User can understand a prototype far easier than most of the standard base of communicating requirements in the form of the model Prototypes very quickly resolve misunderstanding between biasness manager analysis Disadvantages of proto typing Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems. Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity of the system as scope of the system may expand beyond original plans. The Spiral Model The spiral model, also known as the spiral lifecycle model, is a systems development method (SDM) used in information technology (IT). This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large, expensive, and complicated projects. The steps in the spiral model can be general as follows The new system requirements are define in as much detail as possible. This generally involves interviewing a number of users representing all the outside or internal users and other aspects of the existing method. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; defining the requirements of the second prototype planning and designing the second prototype constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customers option, the entire plan can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the consumer is satisfy that the developed Prototype represents the finishing product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. Advantages of spiral model The spiral model is a realistic approach to the development of large-scale software products because the software evolves as the process progresses. In addition, the developer and the client better understand and react to risks at each evolutionary level. The model uses prototyping as a risk reduction mechanism and allows for the development of prototypes at any stage of the evolutionary development. It maintains a systematic stepwise approach, like the classic life cycle model, but incorporates it into an iterative framework that more reflect the real world. Disadvantages of spiral model      1. Highly customized limiting re-usability      2. Applied differently for each application      3. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule      4. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopspiral model.png Figure 1.4: spiral model Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology what is RAD? RAD (rapid application development) is a concept that products can be developed faster and of higher quality through: Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs The re-use of software components A rigidly paced schedule that defers design improvements to the next product version Less formality in reviews and other team communication Advantages of RAD Early visibility Greater flexibility Standardized look and feel Increased user involvement Buying may save money compared to building Disadvantages of RAD This method may not be useful for large, unique or highly complex projects This method cannot be a success if the team is not sufficiently motivated and nor is unable to work cohesively together. Success depends on the extremely high technical skills of the developers. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktopproto type.jpg Figure 1.4: RAD model Dynamic System Development Method Dynamic System Development Method is another approach to system development, which, as the name suggests, develops the system dynamically. This methodology is independent of tools, in that it can be used with both structured analysis and design approach or object-oriented approach. Advantages of DSD An importance on testing is so strong that at least one tester is expected to be on each project group Sets stakeholder expectations from the starts of the project that not all requirements will make it into the final deliverable Has specific approach to determining how important each requirements is to iteration Disadvantages of DSD Access to material is controlled by a consortium, and fees may be charged just to access the reference material Probably the most heavy weight project compared in this surveyC:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdynamic-system-development-method.jpg figure1.2.1: DSD method During the below given reasons I have chosen Waterfall Model for this project It is a linear sequential model It is very simple model to implement Easy to use It is the first model. It needs very few resources to implement Suitable for small projects Water fall model: This is very simple model. It moves like water fall from top to down of SDLC. The drawback of this model is ineffectiveness of verification and Validation activities. TASK 02 The water fall modelE:PROGECTpicture]water fall model.JPG The water fall stages Problem definition Requirement analysis System design Coding testing Implementation Maintenance 1. Problem definition In this section, you give a short, general description of the system to be analyzed. This should contain a very short description of the Organization or the company for which the analysis is to be done as Well the reasons and advantages why the computerization is needed. The environment of the analysis being done is to come out clearly in this section 2. Requirement Analysis All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. 3. System Design Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirements specifications first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. From System Design helps in specifying hardware and method requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve up as input for the next phase of the model. 4. Coding Testing As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer 5. Implementation On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications. 6. Maintenance This phase of (The Waterfall Model) is in effect never finish phase (Very long). Commonly, difficulty with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come awake later than its practical use start, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in images directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solve hence this process is referred as Maintenance. 7. Specification Specification is the first step in the process. In this stage, companies find a problem they want to join and think of a viable result. They then write down the solution on paper and move on to the next stage in the waterfall standardization Testing includes verification and validation 1. Verification: Are we building the product right. 2. Validation: Are we building the right product 1. Validation Am I building the right product? Determining if the method complies with the requirements. And perform functions for which it is intended and meets and is performed at the finish of the project. Am I accessing the right data (in terms of the Data? Required to satisfy the requirement) High level activity Performs after a work product is produced against Established criteria ensuring that the product integrates correctly into the environment. Determination of correctness of the final software Product by a development project with respect to the user Needs and requirements. 2. Verification Am I building the product right? The review of interim work steps and interim Deliverables during a project to ensure them are Acceptable. To determine if the system is consistent, Adheres to standards, uses reliable techniques and prudent Practices, and performs the selected functions in the correct manner. Am I accessing the data right (in the right place; in? The right way) Low level activity Performed during development on key artifacts, like Walkthroughs, reviews and inspections, mentor feedback, Training, checklists and standards. My Opinion about This Task with Victoria Hospital The Victoria Hopital has some problems. The 1st problem is the victoria Hospital at presnt does not use Computer and not asystem to save data and details Appointment details, patient detail and payment detail. 2nd problem is cant V.H take a details in time of important.That problam is some time May be loss detail in physical fils so the V.H is face these problems becaus we can analysis requirements to the V.H those are need to V.H a good system to save details datas secent is the method should preparednes easy good to hendal to the operaters. 3rd problem is the implementations should have to a good system. 4th is give a good knowledge to operates.these implementations are want to V.H those are A Server Machine 5clients, 1GB Ram, or 512MB ,Laser Printer Dot matrix printer Bar code reader and the knowledge given by system supporters to Operater. Want to Operaters condect with system supporters and the system supporters must mainten the problems of system in time ofcoming problems. TASK 03 Data flow diagram Data flow diagrams can be use to provide an understandable representation of any business function. The system starts with an overall image of the business and continues by analyzing each of the functional areas of interest. This analysis can be carried out to precisely the level of detail required. The technique exploits a system called top-down expansion to conduct the analysis in a targeted way. C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdfdg.JPG Figure 1.2.2: data flow diagram Process Processes show a transformation or manipulation of data flows within the system. The symbol used is a rectangular box which contains 3 descriptive elements: Firstly an identification number appears in the upper left hand corner. This is allocated arbitrarily at the top level and serves as a unique reference. Secondly, a location appears to the right of the identifier and describes where in the system the process takes place. This may, for example, be a department or a piece of hardware. Finally, a descriptive title is placed in the centre of the box. This should be a simple imperative sentence with a specific verb, for example maintain customer records or find driver. Data flow A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A data flow is represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow. Information always flows to or from a process and may be written, verbal or electronic. Each data flow may be referenced by the processes or data stores at its head and tail, or by a description of its contents. External entity An external entity is a source or destination of a data flow which is outside the area of study. Only those entities which originate or receive data are represented on a business process diagram. The symbol used is an oval containing a meaningful and unique identifier. Data storage A data store is a holding place for information within the system: It is represented by an open ended narrow rectangle. Data stores may be long-term files such as sales ledgers, or may be short-term accumulations: for example batches of documents that are waiting to be processed. Each data store should be given a reference followed by an arbitrary number. DFD context level diagram (0 level diagram) E:my project level df (1).jpg Figure 2.2.1: DFD context level diagram DFD 1st level E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing2.jpg Figure 2.3.1: DFD 1st level E:my project level df (5).jpg Figure 2.3.2 E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing4.jpg Figure 2.3.3 E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing5.jpg C:Documents and SettingsALLAHDesktop level df (11).jpg Entity relationship diagram C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdfd4.JPG Entity A person, place, object events about which we need to compare store data are called as entities E.g. students, book, department Relational ship A relationship captures how two or more entities are related to one another. Relationships can be thought of as verbs linking two or more nouns. Relationships are represented as diamonds, connected by lines to each of the entities in the relationship. Relationship instance-link between entities (corresponds to primary key-foreign key equivalencies in related tables) Relationship type-category of relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦link between entity types Attributes Attributes are the properties of entities relationship in other attributes is used to describe entities relationship in the ER diagram an entity has many attributes there for it needs to identifier. A key is attributes, group of attributes which we can use to identify an entity uniquely. Entity types E:my projectpicture]dd.jpg ERD diagram for Victoria hospital system D:tt.JPG Appointment to Patient One patient must have one appointment this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory One appointment must have one patient this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory Appointment to GP One GP have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment must have one GP this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory Appointment to nurse One nurse have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment have many nurse this is called one to many relationship and this is optional Appointment to treatment One treatment have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment have many treatment this is called one to many relationship and this is optional Treatment to clinic One treatment have many clinic this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One clinic have many treatment this is called one to many relationship and this is optional E:my project1235.jpg TASK 4 Requirement specification NO Requirements BSO 1 BSO2 BSO3 BSO4 BSO5 1 Register patient Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 2 Invoice the patient Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 3 Inquiring handling â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 4 Accept patient ordering Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 5 printing debater report Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 6 Medical laboratories Æ’Â » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 7 Arrange the delivery Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » 8 Printing a patient report Æ’Â » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ Business system option (BSO) The set of Business System Options which is compiled so that a selection can be made. The selected Business System Option is a description of a chosen system development direction. The description documents the system boundary, inputs, outputs and the transformation taking place within the boundary. Essentially, the description is textual with supporting products such as Data Flow Diagrams, a Logical Data Structure and a Work Practice Model Technical system option (TSO) The set of Technical System Options which has been developed so that the system development direction can be chosen. Each option documents the functions to be incorporated and details implementation requirements. Each description is textual with some planning information. Functional elements are taken directly from the Requirements Specification Logical System Specification NO requirement TSO1 TSO2 TSO3 TSO4 TSO5 1 Visual basic 2007 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » 2 Windows 2003 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 3 Java J2SE Development Kit (JDK) 5.0 Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 4 CCT camera Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 5 A Server Machine Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 6 Firefox 9.02 latest version Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 7 5 clients,1GB Ram,80GB Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 8 SQL Server Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 9 Windows 2007 Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 10 Laser Printer Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 11 Scanner Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 12 Credit Card reader Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 13 JDBC 3.0 compliant driver Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 14 IIS Server Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 15 Dot matrix printer Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 16 Wi5 connection Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 17 Win 2003 server Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 18 Barcode reader Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â » 19 Credit card Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ . TASK 5 Fact-finding technique Interviews Questionnaires Observations Sampling Record-searching Fact-finding technique Fact-finding is a main activity in system investigation. In this chapter, the functioning of the method is to be understood by the system analyst to design the proposed system. Different methods are used for this and these are known as fact-finding techniques. The analyst needs to fully understand the current system. The analyst wants data about the requirements and demands of the project undertaken and the technique employed to gather this records are identified as fact-finding techniques. Various kinds of techniques are used and the most popular with them are interviews, questionnaires, record reviews, case tools and also the personal observations made by the analyst himself. Each of these techniques is additional dealt in next pages. Two people can go into the same area to gather facts and experience entirely different results. One spends weeks and gets incomplete and misleading data. The other is finished in a few hours and has complete and solid facts. This session outlines some of the things a person can do to achieve the latter. It covers: Interviews Interviewing is the one of the most common method in fact finding. It bring the analysis Into a direct contact with the users where he gets an opportunity to listen in to the opinion (advantage disadvantages) about the existing system also to identify the issues propose solutions the new system Interview is a very effective fact finding techniques. But the main problem is that it requires a lot of resources, especially time. So it is very important to plan the interview before hand the analysis is required to have considerable amount of skills Interview needs a start from the top level management to get permission also get an overview idea about the total system. Then the interview process can be move to which will provide more more specific details Interviews are not required to find out how exactly a system should work, but it needs to deter mine the needs of the users that we have to satisfy with a new system. The success of the interview depends upon the skills of the interviewer the preparation for the interview. Choose the person who is mostly appropriate for the interview Preparation for the interview Setting a proper date, and time ,venue the topic Correct sequence of questions These factors should include in an interview plan before conducing it. There are 3 types of questions usually asked in an interview Open questions Closed questions Probes questions Open question general questions that relates with the personal view on the subject Example-  Ã‚   what do you think of .?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is your opinion of ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could . be improved. Advantages   Puts the interviewee at ease.   Permits extra questioning into area that was not anticipated during interview scheduling.   Provide detail. Disadvantages   interview may get off the track (i.e. the interviewer lose control of the interview) can be time-consuming, particularly if the interviewer is experience Closed question > question that is needed direct answer

Radical Feminism and Hip Hop Essay examples -- Music Analysis

Since its emergence in the South Bronx in the 1970’s, hip hop has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world. Once an underground genre of music, it is seen in commercials, movies, television shows, etc. It has transformed from music and expanded into a full culture. It has even made its way into fashion and art. Men have always been on the front line of Hip Hop. However, the lyrics and images have changed tremendously. Lyrics and images that once spoke upon the injustices and empowerment for the African American people is now filled with money, cars, jewelry, and of course women. Today’s hip hop generation is criticized for its negative portrayal of women. Every music video that is produced features scantily clad women with dancing sensually. Feminists speak against them because they are continuing to sexualize the female form, degrade women by using terms such as â€Å"bitch† and â€Å"hoe† to describe them, and in all continuing to make them second class citizens. Radical feminism focuses on such oppression in society and the existence of patriarchy/male dominance. All of which is evident in Hip Hop. Patriarchy creates a social division. It is often used to describe the power between a male and a woman. This idea is important in Radical Feminism. Seen as the root of female oppression, Radical Feminists recognize that patriarchy is everywhere. Radical feminist came about because they were not happy with the course of action taken by the first wave of feminists. Radical feminists wanted a revolution, not just reform; they wanted to do things their way as opposed to following â€Å"the system†. So they came up with their own theories that fit their way of thinking and often were at odds with the reformer feminists... ...lackademics.org. Word Press, 2006. Web. 01 May 2012. . Burke, Colleen. "Women and Militarism." Women and Militarism. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Web. 05 May 2012. . Hooks, Bell. "Sexism and Misogyny: Who Takes the Rap?" Race & Ethnicity. Web. 06 May 2012. . Hooks, Bell. We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge, 2004. Mgadmi, Mahassen. "Black Women’s Identity: Stereotypes, Respectability and Passionlessness (1890-1930)." LISA E-Journal. Web. 06 May 2012. . Zieber, Maureen. "Definition of Radical Feminism." Suite101.com. Web. 08 May 2012. .

Tragic Hero :: essays research papers fc

In Antigone Creon is the tragic hero. Throughout the story he displays the four tragic hero characteristics. He was a person of high character. Creon was the King of Thebes and he thought he was the most powerful person. Creon didn't think anything could stop him. Pride was Creon's downfall. It lead to the loss of many loved ones that were close to him. At the end Creon realized he was wrong. He tried to fix it but couldn't. What makes Creon a tragic hero in the story Antigone? Since Creon was the King of Thebes he didn't care what others would think or say. Creon thought he was above everyone. Creon immediately made the decision that Polyneices would not be buried even though he was family. He still was a traitor and because of this he would not receive the privilege of being buried. Anyone who did bury him would be killed. Creon shows he doesn't care about anyone when he finds out Antigone buried Polyneices. He tells Antigone, "And yet you dared defy the law"(I. 285). Creon doesn't even care if it is his own relative that bertays him. That person will have to pay for their action of going against the law that he provided. Creon believes he is a rock and nothing can stand in his way. He thought he was above the gods. He didn't want to believe in Teiresiasis or anything that came out of his mouth. Creon continues to think he is above the gods. To him, nothing can change his will. Not even Teiresiasis, the blind prophet who sees the future, can change his mind. "Whatever you say, you will not change my mind"(V. 299). In this example, Creon is being stubborn. Teiresiasis tells Creon that what he is doing is wrong and the gods will get him back. Creon doesn't believe this and thinks he is just a liar. The tragic flaw of pride is what over took Creon and made him come to his downfall. Creon thought what he was doing was right. To him it didn't matter that he destroyed his son's future with Antigone. It didn't matter that he was killing his own family. It also didn't make any difference that the gods tried to stop him and would get even with him. Creon thought he was at the top and in control of all. Creon realizes his tragic flaw got the best of him when he says, "Oh it is hard to give in! but it is worse To risk everything for stubborn pride"(Exodos. Tragic Hero :: essays research papers fc In Antigone Creon is the tragic hero. Throughout the story he displays the four tragic hero characteristics. He was a person of high character. Creon was the King of Thebes and he thought he was the most powerful person. Creon didn't think anything could stop him. Pride was Creon's downfall. It lead to the loss of many loved ones that were close to him. At the end Creon realized he was wrong. He tried to fix it but couldn't. What makes Creon a tragic hero in the story Antigone? Since Creon was the King of Thebes he didn't care what others would think or say. Creon thought he was above everyone. Creon immediately made the decision that Polyneices would not be buried even though he was family. He still was a traitor and because of this he would not receive the privilege of being buried. Anyone who did bury him would be killed. Creon shows he doesn't care about anyone when he finds out Antigone buried Polyneices. He tells Antigone, "And yet you dared defy the law"(I. 285). Creon doesn't even care if it is his own relative that bertays him. That person will have to pay for their action of going against the law that he provided. Creon believes he is a rock and nothing can stand in his way. He thought he was above the gods. He didn't want to believe in Teiresiasis or anything that came out of his mouth. Creon continues to think he is above the gods. To him, nothing can change his will. Not even Teiresiasis, the blind prophet who sees the future, can change his mind. "Whatever you say, you will not change my mind"(V. 299). In this example, Creon is being stubborn. Teiresiasis tells Creon that what he is doing is wrong and the gods will get him back. Creon doesn't believe this and thinks he is just a liar. The tragic flaw of pride is what over took Creon and made him come to his downfall. Creon thought what he was doing was right. To him it didn't matter that he destroyed his son's future with Antigone. It didn't matter that he was killing his own family. It also didn't make any difference that the gods tried to stop him and would get even with him. Creon thought he was at the top and in control of all. Creon realizes his tragic flaw got the best of him when he says, "Oh it is hard to give in! but it is worse To risk everything for stubborn pride"(Exodos.

Perfume Suskind

Interactive Oral: Debate Title: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? The setting of Perfume was crafted accordingly to author’s intention so that the main character would develop specific characterizations that will later on, lead him to make a decision whether to live or to die.Suskind does this by placing Grenouille, who has a keen sense of smell in the 18th century France and distinctively allowed the plot to develop and establish in a setting of a malodorous and a scent-conscious society, where people were obsessed with pleasurable scent and uses it distinguish themselves within the hierarchy. In addition, Suskind hinted that smell is depicted more than merely the ingredients of a perfume but could also be a resemblance as the scent of a person’s soul, thus he made a correlation between the existences of with the existence of a person’s soul.Hence in Perfume, scent has become the crucial factor in determining the human soul, the identity of oneself. Suskind also made a point where your own smell will give away your identity like the poor would have malodorous smell but ironically, he decided to leave the main character scentless. Grenouille was isolated simply because in the eyes of the society, he does not have the substance (body odour) that established his identity as a human being. Moreover, Grenouille also decided to detach himself away from the society because he does not have the need to establish relationships.Through isolation and detachment, Suskind have effectively molded the main character’s psychological state of mind by limiting Grenouille’s knowledge and only allowed him to gain knowledge through smell and scent rather than language itself so that Grenouille only understood that things that smells, exist. During an epiphany and Grenouille’s encounter with the â€Å"fog†, he discovered and learnt the truth that h e does not bear a smell or scent (based on his knowledge and understanding) and he belonged nowhere within the hierarchy, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist.The cumulated awareness has aided him to realize upon the ultimate truth that he was indeed born scentless and can never own a scent. Upon discovering and understanding the final truth, he decided that his existing life has bared no significance to himself, hence leading to his choice to die. Perfume was written in such a way that it indirectly criticizes the human’s nature – the endless greed through Grenouille, where he chooses to pursue after something that is beyond his competence. (408) Grenouille reached an epiphany when he encountered the â€Å"fog† in his dreams.The fog indirectly symbolizes as the ultimate truth which he has not explored and fully implicit. Grenouille only understood that he could not smell the fog hence the fog implies as a non-ex istent thing. This is how he had a realization that he is nonexistent. Again Suskind successfully correlate scent as identity. The moment he realized that the fog is a part of him, he had internal conflicts where he understood that he does not have an identity based on his understanding. He realized that he belonged nowhere in the hierarchy – hence only understood that his personal identity is hindered because he does not have smell of his own.When Grenouille realized that he was scentless and found himself to be nowhere within the category, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist. Hence such understanding has led him to an internal conflict where he realized that he was born scentless and his created scent could never be his thus leading to his choice to die. The setting was crafted in such way that it affects the main character’s psychological state of mind and its characterizations towards the choices. (332)

“Ode to The West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay

I chose the poem Ode to The West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley because I was attracted to the many images Shelley painted in the poem. Nature is a very interesting and powerful force and the way Shelley portrays it in this poem really caught my attention. Shelley also emphasizes the importance of words and their potential impact on a society if shared. This is a concept I found quite intriguing. In my research, I found that when Shelley wrote this poem he was visiting Italy. Throughout the poem, I noticed many references to Italy such as his account of the â€Å"blue Mediterranean† and Baiae’s bay in stanza III. I also noticed a large theme surrounding the topic of death and new life. Shelley wrote this poem shortly after the death of his son. He will often use winter as a metaphor for death. In the last line of the poem he asks for new life by saying â€Å"O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?† He also mentions Heaven in stanzas IV and II, transformi ng the wind into a divine being. When Shelley wrote this Ode he was not only grieving for his son but the lives lost in his home country of England as this was also written shortly after the Peterloo Masacre. Shelley considered himself to be a revolutionary and wanted his words to be spread and make a change. I saw this in the last stanza of the poem when Shelley describes his hopes that his words will be spread throughout the universe â€Å"Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!† He hints at this once again in lines 68 and 69, telling the wind to prophesize his words to â€Å"unawakened Earth†. In the poem Ode to the West Wind, Percy Bysshe Shelley uses imagery, personification, and metaphors to describe the Wind as a fierce and powerful being who has the ability to give or take life. Shelley also has a strong desire to be like the wind so that his words will be spread throughout mankind. Shelley uses imagery in many different ways throughout this poem allowing the reader to activate his or her senses and feel the impact of the wind. When describing the leaves Shelley uses colors like yellow, red, and black to spark the strong feelings within the reader that these colors are often associated with. Yellow might make a reader think of sickness, while black is often associated with death or a dark power. Shelley shows this at the end of Stanza II when he describes the â€Å"Black rain† that will burst open the tomb of the years passed. This gives t he reader an image of sheer power  produced by the Wind. He also uses color to portray a more peaceful setting. In Stanza III Shelley uses blue and azure (often used to describe the blue sky) to depict a sleepy scene by the Mediterranean. Although as the Stanza progresses, Shelley uses gray to transition into a darker image. The reader experiences the image of a beautiful, pure sky quickly being taken over by a more unpleasant, fear inducing gray scene. Shelley’s descriptive language and use of color to provoke emotion in the reader contributes to the overall theme of the poem. Also adding to Shelley’s powerful portrayal of the Wind is his use of personification. Shelley had so much respect for the power and beauty of the Wind that he writes about it as though he is writing about a lover. The reader can observe this right away in the title and the type of poem Shelley has written. Odes are typically written about people therefore Shelley has made a pretty substantial statement about his feelings towards the Wind by writing an Ode to it. Not only does Shelley personify the Wind through the title and structure of the poem, but also in the way he describes it. One example of this can be found in the first line of Stanza I. â€Å"O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being†. T he use of the word â€Å"breath† here is very powerful because it associates the wind with human’s natural necessity to breathe. Shelley once again gives the Wind a human quality at the end of Stanza III when he says, â€Å"the oozy woods†¦ know Thy voice†. Giving the Wind a voice that is recognized and feared contributes to its overall power. This line also provokes the reader to think about the many beautiful sounds of the wind and its unique qualities, just as human voices are unique. Personifying the Wind helps the reader to understand Shelley’s appreciation for it and how powerful he felt the Wind was. To further contribute to his theme, Shelley uses many metaphors throughout his Ode. As mentioned earlier, Shelley mentions death and new life quite often. Stanza IV is the perfect example of Shelley’s use of metaphors to express a dying wish. In the beginning of this Stanza, Shelley uses nature as a metaphor for himself. He tells the Wind that he wishes to be carried away by it but cannot because he is sadly only human. Shelley expresses a sadness of the limitations we have as humans and our inferiority to the Wind in this Stanza as well. In line 54 Shelley gives a metaphor describing human limitations in the form of thorns when he says â€Å"I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!† In the Last two lines of the Stanza Shelley uses a metaphor  to enhance the readers understanding of why he is so infatuated with the Wind. â€Å"A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.† Shelley is expressing his wish to be unbound by limitations that the Wind does not have to experience. The poem Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley uses imagery, personification, and strong metaphors to convey the author’s love for the Wind and his desire to be like it. Shelley wanted his words to change people’s opinions and drive a powerful force, like a strong wind. He admired the Wind’s ability to spread everything around it so quickly. He also admired its power. The reader can feel this sense of admiration and love through Shelley’s writing in this poem.